Systemic Arterial Pressure

When your heart beats, it pumps blood round your body to give it the energy and oxygen it needs. As the blood moves, it pushes against the sides of the blood vessels. The strength of this pushing is your blood pressure. If your blood pressure is too high, it puts extra strain on your arteries (and your heart) and this may lead to heart attacks and strokes.


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Systemic Arterial Pressure:



Classification of blood pressure (adults)[3][4][5]
Category systolic, mmHg diastolic, mmHg
Hypotension
< 90
< 60
Normal
90–119[6]

90–129[5]
60–79[6]

60–84[5]
Prehypertension (high normal)
120–129[6]

130–139[5]
60–79[6]

85–89[5]
Stage 1 hypertension
140–159

130-139[6]
90–99

80-89[6]
Stage 2 hypertension
160–179

>140[6]
100–109

>90[6]
Hypertensive urgency
≥ 180
≥ 110
Isolated systolic hypertension
≥ 160[6]
< 90
The risk of cardiovascular disease increases progressively above 115/75 mmHg.[7] In practice blood pressure is considered too low only if noticeable symptoms are present.[4]

Observational studies demonstrate that people who maintain arterial pressures at the low end of these pressure ranges have much better long term cardiovascular health. There is an ongoing medical debate over what is the optimal level of blood pressure to target when using drugs to lower blood pressure with hypertension, particularly in older people.[8]

The table shows the classification of blood pressure adopted by the American Heart Association for adults who are 18 years and older.[3] It assumes the values are a result of averaging resting blood pressure readings measured at two or more visits to the doctor.[9][10]

In November 2017 the American Heart Association announced revised definitions for blood pressure categories that increased the number of people considered to have high blood pressure.[11]

In the UK, clinic blood pressures are usually categorized into three groups; low (90/60 or lower), normal (between 90/60 and 139/89), and high (140/90 or higher).[12][13]

Blood pressure fluctuates from minute to minute and normally shows a circadian rhythm over a 24-hour period, with highest readings in the early morning and evenings and lowest readings at night.[14][15] Loss of the normal fall in blood pressure at night is associated with a greater future risk of cardiovascular disease and there is evidence that night-time blood pressure is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events than day-time blood pressure.[16] Also, an individual's blood pressure varies with exercise, emotional reactions, sleep, digestion and time of day (circadian rhythm).

Various other factors, such as age and sex, also influence a person's blood pressure. In children, the normal ranges are lower than for adults and depend on height.[17] Reference blood pressure values have been developed for children in different countries, based on the distribution of blood pressure in children of these countries.[18] As adults age, systolic pressure tends to rise and diastolic pressure tends to fall.[19] Consequently, in the elderly, systolic blood pressure often exceeds the normal adult range,[20] this is thought to be due to increased stiffness of the arteries.[21]


Differences between left and right arm blood pressure measurements tend to be small. However, occasionally there is a consistent difference greater than 10 mmHg which may need further investigation, e.g. for obstructive arterial disease.[22][23]

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